Biomolecular condensates in plant immunity

Plant defense against microbial pathogens relies on coordinated regulation of diverse molecular processes. Although much has been learned about these processes through traditional and modern approaches, recent findings indicate that they are orchestrated through membraneless biomolecular condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation and related phase transitions. The principle of subcellular compartmentalization is especially important for plants, as they lack specialized immune cells, requiring them to coordinate defense responses with other physiological functions. As a result, the dynamic spatiotemporal organization of immune-related molecules becomes a critical layer of regulation that has only recently become a research frontier. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of biomolecular condensates in plant immunity, identify critical questions for future research, and propose a framework for moving forward. By incorporating condensate biology into the study of plant defense, we suggest novel strategies for enhancing crop resilience and advancing sustainable agriculture.