The Development and Pharmacology of Proteasome Inhibitors for the Management and Treatment of Cancer

The ubiquitin-proteasome complex is an important molecular target for the design of novel chemotherapeutics. This complex plays a critical role in signal transduction pathways important for tumor cell growth and survival, cell-cycle control, transcriptional regulation, and the modulation of cellular stress responses to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. The sensitivity of transformed cells to proteasome inhibitors and the successful design of treatment protocols with tolerable, albeit narrow, therapeutic indices have made proteasome inhibition a viable strategy for cancer treatment. Clinical validation of the proteasome as a molecular target was achieved with the approval of bortezomib, a boronic acid proteasome inhibitor, for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Several "next-generation" proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib and PR-047, NPI-0052, and CEP-18770) representing distinct structural classes (peptidyl epoxyketones, beta-lactones, and peptidyl boronic acids, respectively), mechanisms of action, pharmacological and pharmacodynamic activity profiles, and therapeutic indices have now entered clinical development. These agents may expand the clinical utility of proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumors and for specific non-oncological, i.e., inflammatory disease, indications as well. This chapter addresses the biology of the proteasome, the medicinal chemistry and mechanisms of action of proteasome inhibitors currently in clinical development, the preclinical and clinical pharmacological and safety profiles of bortezomib and the newer compounds against hematological and solid tumors. Future directions for research and other applications for this novel class of therapeutics agents are considered in this chapter.