Challenges in using perovskite-based anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells with various fuels: a review

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) produce electrical power with high efficiency via the electrochemical reaction of fuel with air. In addition to hydrogen, SOFCs are capable of utilizing various types of fuels, such as hydrocarbon-based fuels (e.g., natural gas and biogas), low-carbon-based fuels (e.g., methanol and ethanol) and carbon-free fuel (e.g., ammonia). However, conventional Ni-based anodes experience various challenges and limitations with these fuels. Thus, the discovery of alternative anodes or modification of existing anodes is crucial to address the challenges and limitations of anodes with various fuels. This review provides insight into challenges in selecting anode materials for operating in various fuel environments. Perovskite-based materials are the leading candidates for a range of fuels because of their high redox stability, satisfactory electric and/or ionic conductivity, high activity towards fuel decomposition and resistance towards carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning. Challenges in adapting perovskite-based anodes and strategies to improve their electrochemical performance with various fuels are thoroughly discussed in this review.