Comparison of Accuracy and Systematic Precision Between Autonomous Dental Robot and Static Guide: A Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the implant placement accuracy and systematic precision between Robotic-Assisted Implant Surgery (RAIS) and Fully Guided Static Computer-Assisted Implant surgery (sCAIS), as well as to explore factors influencing implant placement accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent digital guided implant surgery between October 2022 and July 2024 were included in this study. The patients were divided into the RAIS and sCAIS groups. Post-operative CBCT scans were performed to measure three-dimensional (3D) deviations and overlap rate (OR) of each implant. The differences in 3D deviations and OR between the two CAIS methods were analyzed, along with factors that could impact implant accuracy, such as anterior versus posterior sites, maxilla versus mandible, bone defects, implant morphology, and free-end sites. RESULTS: 254 patients were enrolled, with 125 patients receiving 227 implants in the RAIS group and 129 patients receiving 227 implants in the sCAIS group. The RAIS group demonstrated significantly better performance than the sCAIS group in coronal global deviation (0.69 [0.52] mm vs. 0.97 [0.64] mm), apical global deviation (0.75 [0.57] mm vs. 1.40 [0.82] mm), angular deviation (1.51 [1.43]° vs. 3.44 [2.78]°), and OR (80 [17]% vs. 64 [20]%) (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups in coronal horizontal mesiodistal deviation at the anterior sites, nor in coronal horizontal mesiodistal and buccolingual deviations at the posterior sites. CONCLUSION: In most edentulous cases, implant placement accuracy assisted by the RAIS system was significantly higher than that of the sCAIS system. The control of Coronal horizontal (mesiodistal) deviation by sCAIS is comparable to that of RAIS. Additionally, the RAIS system demonstrated better systematic precision.