Recognizing, Fast and Slow: Complex Emotion Recognition With Facial Expression Detection and Remote Physiological Measurement

Complex emotion is an aggregate of two or more others which has highly variable appearances, inter-dependence, and affective dynamics.These properties make the recognition hard to handle via existing recognition techniques like action units or valence-arousal detection. In this study, we propose a bionic two-system structure for complex emotion recognition. The structure mimics the working theory of the human brain responding to problems decision-making. System I is a fast compound sensing module. System II is a slower cognitive decision module that processes data more integratively. System I contains one branch for facial expression feature representation including basic emotion, action units, and valence arousal detection and one for physiological measurement which is an image-only implementation for practicality. In System II, a decision module with segmentation is employed to ensure the chosen period including the emotion occurrence and iteratively optimize the emotion information in a given segment via reinforcement learning. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art on emotion recognition tasks with an accuracy of 94.15% in basic emotion recognition on the BP4D and an accuracy of 68.75% for binary valence arousal classification on the DEAP. For a subset of complex emotions, the recognition accuracy exceeds 70% on both databases, that is a significant improvement.