c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/P53 signaling mediates intrinsic apoptosis of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) hepatocytes under heat stress

The increasing frequency of high-temperature extremes threatens largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, a significant fish for freshwater ecosystems and aquaculture. Our previous studies at the transcript level suggested that heat stress induces hepatic apoptosis in largemouth bass. In the current study, we sought to validate these findings and further investigate the role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/P53 signaling in hepatic apoptosis under heat stress. First, heat treatments were conducted in vivo and in vitro under different temperatures: 28 °C, 32 °C, and 37 °C. In primary hepatocytes subjected to heat treatment, cell viability was evaluated via the Cell Counting Kit-8, while mitochondrial membrane potential and nuclear morphology were assessed through JC-1 and Hoechst 33258 staining, respectively. We observed reductions in both cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), along with alterations in nuclear morphology, in primary hepatocytes exposed to heat stress at temperatures of 32 °C and 37 °C. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed significant alterations in the expression profiles of intrinsic apoptosis-related genes within liver tissues under heat stress. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that JNK1 signaling increased as the temperature increased, JNK2 expression increased only at 37 °C, and JNK3 expression did not change with temperature. We speculate that JNK1 and JNK2 have pro- and anti-apoptotic effects, respectively. Western blot analysis conducted on cultured hepatocytes further validated these findings. JNK inhibition reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, improved nuclear morphology, and maintained ΔΨm even after 37 °C treatment. These results not only confirm that heat stress led to intrinsic apoptosis of hepatocytes but also indicated that JNK1 could mediate P53 expression and activate caspase-dependent intrinsic apoptosis in largemouth bass hepatocytes under such conditions. This study illuminates the physiological responses of largemouth bass to acute heat stress, offering valuable insights into the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater fishes and the sustainability of aquaculture.