Insights from scalable fabrication to operational stability and industrial opportunities for perovskite solar cells and modules

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have a comparable performance to silicon and other thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technologies, which are near commercialization. PSCs have several advantages over other established PV technologies such as higher power output, enhanced performance at low light intensities, and mechanical flexibility, which allow their integration into several applications. Industrial opportunities include specific applications in building-integrated photovoltaics, agrivoltaics, and the internet of things. Although it is likely that PSCs will enter a commercialization phase, there are remaining challenges related to various economic and technical issues, including scalable fabrication and operational stability. Here, we review advanced techniques for scalable fabrication and operational stability of PSCs and perovskite solar modules. The required characteristics, such as operational stability and fabrication costs, that remain a challenge to be resolved before entering the PV market are discussed. Moreover, a proposed framework is presented for PSC technology based on material evolution with the perspective of massive scale deployment and marketplace values.