Serum coding and non‐coding RNAs as biomarkers of NAFLD and fibrosis severity

Abstract Background & Aims In patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver biopsy is the gold standard to detect non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and stage liver fibrosis. We aimed to identify differentially expressed mRNAs and non‐coding RNAs in serum samples of biopsy‐diagnosed mild and severe NAFLD patients with respect to controls and to each other. Methods We first performed a whole transcriptome analysis through microarray (n = 12: four Control: CTRL; four mild NAFLD: NAS ≤ 4 F0; four severe NAFLD NAS ≥ 5 F3), followed by validation of selected transcripts through real‐time PCRs in an independent internal cohort of 88 subjects (63 NAFLD, 25 CTRL) and in an external cohort of 50 NAFLD patients. A similar analysis was also performed on liver biopsies and HepG2 cells exposed to oleate:palmitate or only palmitate (cellular model of NAFL/NASH) at intracellular/extracellular levels. Transcript correlation with histological/clinical data was also analysed. Results We identified several differentially expressed coding/non‐coding RNAs in each group of the study cohort. We validated the up‐regulation of UBE2V1, BNIP3L mRNAs, RP11‐128N14.5 lncRNA, TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 coding/lncRNA in patients with NAS ≥ 5 (vs NAS ≤ 4) and the up‐regulation of HBA2 mRNA, TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 coding/lncRNA in patients with Fibrosis stages = 3‐4 (vs F = 0‐2). In in vitro models: UBE2V1, RP11‐128N14.5 and TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 had an increasing expression trend ranging from CTRL to oleate:palmitate or only palmitate‐treated cells both at intracellular and extracellular level, while BNIP3L was up‐regulated only at extracellular level. UBE2V1, RP11‐128N14.5, TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 and HBA2 up‐regulation was also observed at histological level. UBE2V1, RP11‐128N14.5, BNIP3L and TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 correlated with histological/biochemical data. Combinations of TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 + Fibrosis Index based on the four factors (FIB‐4) showed an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.891 ( P = 3.00E‐06) or TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 + Fibroscan (AUC = 0.892, P = 2.00E‐06) improved the detection of F = 3‐4 with respect to F = 0‐2 fibrosis stages. Conclusions We identified specific serum coding/non‐coding RNA profiles in severe and mild NAFLD patients that possibly mirror the molecular mechanisms underlying NAFLD progression towards NASH/fibrosis. TGFB2/TGFB2‐OT1 detection improves FIB‐4/Fibroscan diagnostic performance for advanced fibrosis discrimination.