Development of a robust bioassay of monoclonal antibodies and biosimilars against TNF-α by NF-κB-inducible lentiviral reporter gene

The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and biosimilars against TNF-α have been developed to treat patients who suffer from inflammatory diseases caused by disordered expression of TNF-α. Hence, quality control of biopharmaceuticals is crucial during research and development. The high-order structure of these complex molecules cannot be entirely identified by physiochemical attributes; however, they can be inferred by observing biological activities. Thus, we developed a U937-based bioassay to determine the biological activities of mAbs and biosimilars against TNF-α using a low-basal NF-κB-inducible lentiviral reporter gene. The reporter gene assay (RGA) can be induced with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a short time by TNF-α. Validation of the RGA showed accuracy (% relative standard deviation [RSD] = 4.64%), linearity (r2 = 0.9856), and precision (Interday RSD = 4.6%, between analysts RSD = 3.51%) as well as reasonable specificity and robustness. The measured potency values of a biosimilar to adalimumab were between 90% and 110%. Results showed our RGA is suitable for mAb quality control and lot release, and for evaluation of the biological activity similarity of the biosimilar.