Omega-3 fatty acids and sleep: recent advances in understanding effects and mechanisms

Purpose of review Sleep disturbance and low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids are common in modern society. Previous research shows that omega-3 fatty acids play an integral role in the regulation of sleep processes, but efficacy data in adults have been equivocal to date. This review examines recent studies highlighting the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on sleep quality and circadian processes. Recent findings Two randomized controlled trials in healthy adults found that supplementation with DHA-rich interventions improved sleep quality, though effects may vary depending on age, current sleep habits and habitual omega-3 intake. Conversely, EPA-rich interventions in menopausal women, men with prostate cancer and people experiencing episodic migraines did not improve sleep quality. Advances in lipidomics reveal a bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and lipid metabolism, to some extent underpinned by activity of omega-3 fatty acids in circadian processes. Therefore, adequate omega-3 fatty acid intake is both a preventive and therapeutic approach to sleep quality and health. Summary Omega-3 fatty acids and DHA in particular show promise for improving sleep quality and limiting the adverse effects of sleep disturbance on health. Future research should focus on developing sex-specific and age-specific recommendations for omega-3 fatty acid intake to optimize sleep health.