Global distribution and genomic characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli among humans, 2005–2023

Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) has become a major public health problem worldwide. To date, there is a limited understanding of the global distribution of CREC. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis of 7, 731 CRECs of human origin collected from different countries worldwide between 2005 and 2023. Our results showed that these CRECs were distributed in 75 countries, mainly from the United States (17.49%), China (14.88%), and the United Kingdom (14.73%). Eight carbapenemases were identified among the CRECs analyzed, including KPC, IMP, NDM, VIM, OXA, FRI, GES, and IMI. NDM was the most predominant carbapenemase (52.15%), followed by OXA (30.09%) and KPC (14.72%). Notably, all CRECs carried multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with 178 isolates carrying mcr-1 and 9 isolates carrying tet(X). The CREC isolates were classified into 465 known sequence types (STs), with ST167 being the most common (11.5%). Correlation analysis demonstrated the significant role of mobile genetic elements in facilitating the transfer of carbapenem resistance genes. Furthermore, some CRECs from different countries showed high genetic similarity, suggesting clonal transmission exists. According to the GWAS results, the genetic difference of blaNDM-positive CRECs from China were mainly enriched in bacterial Type IV secretion system pathways compared with those from the United Kingdom and the United States. Therefore, continuous global surveillance of CRECs is imperative in the future.