Autonomous materials systems from active liquid crystals

Liquid crystals (LCs) are ubiquitous in display technologies. The orientational ordering in the nematic phase of LCs gives rise to structural anisotropy, the ability to form topological defects and extraordinary sensitivity to interfacial events — three features that are not found in traditional, isotropic liquids. Active LC systems represent a particular class of active materials, in which some form of energy is transformed and used to generate motion, providing opportunities for new technologies and offering a platform to investigate matter far from equilibrium. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the field of active LC systems, including natural systems, such as cell colonies, biopolymers and bacteria, and synthetic systems, which mimic the adaptive and autonomous behaviours found in nature. We investigate the properties of defects and flows, examine LC interfaces and emulsions, and discuss active LC colloids and composites. Finally, we highlight future possibilities and applications of active LC systems.