Advancements in bone organoids: perspectives on construction methodologies and application strategies

This review synthesizes existing literature and ground-breaking studies to provide an in-depth examination of the bone organoid model, exploring the fundamental architecture and development of bone and emphasizing recent advancements in bone organoid fabrication, such as the application of 3D bioprinting technology in bone organoid fabrication. Furthermore, the study suggests potential directions for future research, highlighting the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration in fully harnessing the potential of this rapidly evolving field. Key scientific concepts of review Bone organoids involve the 3D self-organization of in vitro-cultured bone-associated stem cells, optionally including extracellular matrix components. This process generates tissue closely resembling the original bone tissue's functional, genetic, and structural features. Bone organoids are more promising than traditional methods of bone defect repair. In addition, tissue engineering technologies such as 3D bioprinting have opened up new opportunities for constructing bone organoids. Future research should prioritize the development of composite bone organoids, enhancement of bone organoid stiffness, and improvement of bioactive materials, as well as the exploration and development of novel bioinks to facilitate the application of bone organoids in bone repair and regeneration.