Akkermansia muciniphila and Alcohol‐Related Liver Diseases. A Systematic Review

Scope Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila ) are Gram negative commensal bacteria, degrading mucin in the intestinal mucosa, modulating intestinal permeability and inflammation in the digestive tract, liver, and blood. Some components can promote the relative abundance of A. muciniphila in the gut microbiota, but lower levels of A. muciniphila are more commonly found in people with obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, or inflammatory digestive diseases. Over‐intake of ethanol can also induce a decrease of A. muciniphila , associated with dysregulation of microbial metabolite production, impaired intestinal permeability, induction of chronic inflammation, and production of cytokines. Methods and results Using a PRISMA search strategy, a review is performed on the bacteriological characteristics of A. muciniphila , the factors capable of modulating its relative abundance in the digestive tract and its probiotic use in alcohol‐related liver diseases (alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic transplantation, partial hepatectomy). Conclusion Several studies have shown that supplementation with A. muciniphila can improve ethanol‐related hepatic pathologies, and highlight the interest in using this bacterial species as a probiotic.