Reduced Neuroinflammation Via Astrocytes and Neutrophils Promotes Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury in Neonatal Mice

神经炎症 医学 CXCL1型 脊髓 脊髓损伤 趋化因子 炎症 轴突 免疫学 发病机制 绳索 病理 解剖 外科 精神科
作者
Kazuki Kitade,Kazu Kobayakawa,Hirokazu Saiwai,Yoshihiro Matsumoto,Kenichi Kawaguchi,Keiichiro Iida,Ken Kijima,Hirotaka Iura,Tetsuya Tamaru,Yohei Haruta,Gentaro Ono,Daijiro Konno,Takeshi Maeda,Seiji Okada,Kinichi Nakashima,Yasuharu Nakashima
出处
期刊:Journal of Neurotrauma [Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.]
卷期号:40 (23-24): 2566-2579 被引量:7
标识
DOI:10.1089/neu.2023.0044
摘要

Neonatal spinal cord injury (SCI) shows better functional outcomes than adult SCI. Although the regenerative capability in the neonatal spinal cord may have cues in the treatment of adult SCI, the mechanism underlying neonatal spinal cord regeneration after SCI is unclear. We previously reported age-dependent variation in the pathogenesis of inflammation after SCI. Therefore, we explored differences in the pathogenesis of inflammation after SCI between neonatal and adult mice and their effect on axon regeneration and functional outcome. We established two-day-old spinal cord crush mice as a model of neonatal SCI. Immunohistochemistry of the spinal cord revealed that the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which promotes the expression of chemokines, was significantly lower in the astrocytes of neonates than in those of adults. Flow cytometry revealed that neonatal astrocytes secrete low levels of chemokines to recruit circulating neutrophils (e.g., Cxcl1 and Cxcl2) after SCI in comparison with adults. We also found that the expression of a chemokine receptor (CXCR2) and an adhesion molecule (β2 integrin) quantified by flow cytometry was lower in neonatal circulating neutrophils than in adult neutrophils. Strikingly, these neonate-specific cellular properties seemed to be associated with no neutrophil infiltration into the injured spinal cord, followed by significantly lower expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β, Il-6 and TNF-α) after SCI in the spinal cords of neonates than in those of adults. At the same time, significantly fewer apoptotic neurons and greater axonal regeneration were observed in neonates in comparison with adults, which led to a marked recovery of locomotor function. This neonate-specific mechanism of inflammation regulation may have potential therapeutic applications in controlling inflammation after adult SCI.
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