Development of a prediction model for the risk of 30-day unplanned readmission in older patients with heart failure: A multicenter retrospective study

Background and aim Heart failure (HF) imposes significant global health costs due to its high incidence, readmission, and mortality rate. Accurate assessment of readmission risk and precise interventions have become important measures to improve health for patients with HF. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a machine learning (ML) model to predict 30-day unplanned readmissions in older patients with HF. Methods and results This study collected data on hospitalized older patients with HF from the medical data platform of Chongqing Medical University from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2021. A total of 5 candidate algorithms were selected from 15 ML algorithms with excellent performance, which was evaluated by area under the operating characteristic curve (AUC) and accuracy. Then, the 5 candidate algorithms were hyperparameter tuned by 5-fold cross-validation grid search, and performance was evaluated by AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and recall. Finally, an optimal ML model was constructed, and the predictive results were explained using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) framework. A total of 14,843 older patients with HF were consecutively enrolled. CatBoost model was selected as the best prediction model, and AUC was 0.732, with 0.712 accuracy, 0.619 sensitivity, and 0.722 specificity. NT.proBNP, length of stay (LOS), triglycerides, blood phosphorus, blood potassium, and lactate dehydrogenase had the greatest effect on 30-day unplanned readmission in older patients with HF, according to SHAP results. Conclusions The study developed a CatBoost model to predict the risk of unplanned 30-day special-cause readmission in older patients with HF, which showed more significant performance compared with the traditional logistic regression model.