LC3-associated phagocytosis in microbial pathogenesis

Phagocytosis is essential for uptake and elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism for incorporation of cellular constituents to replenish nutrients by degradation. Recently, parts of the autophagy machinery - above all microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) - were found to be specifically recruited to phagosomal membranes resulting in phagosome-lysosome fusion and efficient degradation of internalized cargo in a process termed LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Many pathogenic bacterial, fungal and parasitic microorganisms reside within LAP-targeted single-membrane phagosomes or vacuoles after infection of host cells. In this minireview we describe the state of knowledge on the interaction of pathogens with LAP or LAP-like pathways and report on various pathogens that have evolved strategies to circumvent degradation in LAP compartments.