Narrative Review of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications for Venous Thromboembolism Prevention in Spine Surgery

Study Design: This was a narrative review. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify commonly utilized venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylactic measures, spine surgeon perspective, and provide pharmacologic recommendations from the literature. Summary of Background Data: Considered a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality, VTE remains an important iatrogenic diagnosis of concern. Reported rates of VTE following spine surgery vary widely (0.3%–31.0%). Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE query identified literature reporting on VTE prevention and outcomes in the setting of spine surgery. Findings extracted from the included articles were summarized in a narrative review format to identify salient aspects of the current literature. Results: Sixty articles were summarized. Many anticoagulation medications that are described in the literature target factors involved in the coagulation cascade common pathway including aspirin and other antiplatelet medications, heparins, and warfarin. Newer direct inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa are now being utilized for VTE prevention, although with limited use specifically in spine surgery. Conclusions: Perioperative management of antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications in spine surgery requires evidence-based protocols that can account for patient comorbidities and surgery-specific features. Future studies should prospectively focus on establishing stronger recommendations based on pathology, surgical indications, patient comorbidities, region of the spine, and broad surgical intervention to enable effective prophylaxis for VTE. Level of Evidence: Level II.