Palmitoleic Acid Ameliorates Metabolic Disorders and Inflammation by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolites

Scope Palmitoleic acid (POA) is an omega‐7 monounsaturated fatty acid that has been suggested to improve metabolic disorders. However, it remains unclear whether gut microbiota plays a role in the amelioration of metabolic disorders by POA. This study aims to investigate the regulation of POA on metabolism, as well as systemic inflammation in HFD‐fed mice from the perspective of serum metabolome and gut microbiome. Methods and results Thirty‐six C57BL/6 male mice are randomly assigned to either a normal chow diet containing 1.9% w/w lard or an HFD containing 20.68% w/w lard or 20.68% w/w sea buckthorn pulp oil for 16 weeks. The study finds that POA significantly attenuated hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation in HFD‐fed mice. POA supplementation significantly alters the composition of serum metabolites, particularly lipid metabolites in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. POA obviously increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium and decreases the abundance of Allobaculum . Importantly, the study finds that glycerophosphocholine mediates the effect of Bifidobacterium on LDL‐C, sphingomyelin mediates the effect of Bifidobacterium on IL‐6, and maslinic acid mediates the effect of Allobaculum on IL‐6. Conclusion The results suggest that exogenous POA can improve metabolic disorders and inflammation in HFD‐fed mice, potentially by modulating the serum metabolome and gut microbiome.