Identification of D359-0396 as a novel inhibitor of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome

Pyroptosis is a unique pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death which plays a critical role in promoting the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the current drug that is capable of inhibition pyroptosis has not been translated successfully in the clinic, suggesting a requirement for drug screening in depth. We screened more than 20,000 small molecules and found D359-0396 demonstrates a potent anti-pyroptosis and anti-inflammation effect in both mouse and human macrophage. In vivo, EAE (a mouse model of MS) and septic shock mouse model was used to investigate the protective effect of D359-0396. In vitro experiments we used LPS plus ATP/nigericin/MSU to induce pyroptosis in both mouse and human macrophage, and finally the anti-pyroptosis function of D359-0396 was assessed. Our findings show that D359-0396 is well-tolerated without remarkable disruption of homeostasis. Mechanistically, while D359-0396 is capable of inhibiting pyroptosis and IL-1β release in macrophages, this process depends on the NLRP3-Casp1-GSDMD pathway rather than NF-κB, AIM2 or NLRC4 inflammasome signaling. Consistently, D359-0396 significantly suppresses the oligomerization of NLRP3, ASC, and the cleavage of GSDMD. In vivo, D359-0396 not only ameliorates the severity of EAE (a mouse model of MS), but also exhibits a better therapeutic effect than teriflunomide, the first-line drug of MS. Similarly, D359-0396 treatment also significantly protects mice from septic shock. Our study identified D359-0396 as a novel small-molecule with potential application in NLRP3-associated diseases.