Programming Dissipation Systems by DNA Timer for Temporally Regulating Enzyme Catalysis and Nanostructure Assembly

Live cells precisely control their temporal pattern in energy dissipative processes such as catalysis and assembly. Here, we demonstrate a DNA-based artificial dissipative nonequilibrium system where the transient state is controlled by the processive digestion of λ-exonuclease (λ Exo). This enzyme reaction serves as an orthogonal and independent molecular timer allowing for the programmable regulation of the transient-state lifetime. This dissipation system is concatenated to enzyme catalysis and nanostructure assembly networks. Dynamic activation of enzyme catalysis and dynamic disassembly of DNA nanotubes (DNT) are realized, and the state lifetimes of these systems are accurately encoded by the DNA timer. This work demonstrates nontrivial dissipation systems with built-in molecular timers, which can be a useful tool for developing artificial reaction networks and nanostructures with enhanced complexities and intelligence.