甜菜碱
渗透调节剂
嗜盐菌
谷氨酰胺
甘氨酸
耐盐性
氨基酸
生物化学
生物
脯氨酸
生态系统
渗透性休克
盐(化学)
渗透调节
化学
细菌
盐度
生态学
有机化学
基因
遗传学
作者
Erwin A. Galinski,Hans G. Trüper
出处
期刊:Fems Microbiology Reviews
[Oxford University Press]
日期:1994-10-01
卷期号:15 (2-3): 95-108
被引量:378
标识
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00128.x
摘要
Salt stress is primarily osmotic stress, and halophilic/halotolerant microorganisms have evolved two basic mechanisms of osmoadaplation: the KCI-type and the compatible-solute type, the latter representing a very flexible mode of adaptation making use of distinct stabilizing properties of compatible solutes. A comprehensive survey, using HPLC and NMR methods, has revealed the full diversity of euhacterial compatible solutes found in nature. With the exception of proline (a proteinogenic amino acid) they are characterized as amino acid derivatives of the following types: betaines, ectoines, N-acetylated diamino acids and N-derivatized carboxamides of glutamine. From our present knowledge of hiosynthetic pathways it appears that, apart from glycine betaine, all nitrogen-containing compatible solutes originate from two major pathways (the aspartate branch and the glutamate branch). Uptake of compatible solutes from the growth medium (environment) seems to have preference over de novo synthesis. Therefore in the natural ecosystem the solutes of primary producers (mainly glycine betaine), which are readily excreted upon dilution stress, certainly play an important role as a ‘preferred’ solute source for heterolrophic organisms, and as a ‘vital’ source for organisms unable to synthesize their own compatible solutes.
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