Recruitment of septin cytoskeletal proteins by Botulinum toxin A protease determines its remarkable stability

Proteolytic cleavage of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 by the light chain of Botulinum neurotoxin type A (LCA), resulting in a blockade of neurotransmitter release, persists for several months in motor neurons. The L428A/L429A mutation in LCA is known to significantly shorten both proteolytic and neuroparalytic effects of the neurotoxin in mice. To elucidate the cellular mechanism for LCA longevity, we studied the effects of L428A/L429A mutation on the interactome, localization, and stability of LCA expressed in cultured neuronal cells. Mass spectrometry analysis of the LCA interactome showed that the mutation prevented the interaction of LCA with septins. The wild type LCA was concentrated in plasma membrane-associated clusters, co-localizing with septins-2 and septin-7, which accumulated in these clusters only in the presence of LCA. The L428A/L429A mutation decreased co-clustering of LCA and septins and accelerated proteasomal and non-proteasomal degradation of LCA. Similarly, the impairment of septin oligomerization by forchlorfenuron or silencing of septin-2 prevented LCA interaction and clustering with septins and increased LCA degradation. Therefore, the dileucine-mediated LCA-septin co-clustering is crucial for the long-lasting stabilization of LCA-related proteolytic and presumably neuroparalytic activity.