Fiber-based all-optical modulation based on two-dimensional materials

Abstract All-optical modulation with two-dimensional (2D) layered materials are becoming an indispensable tool in a variety of applications due to their superior performance in photonics and optoelectronics. Here, we review recent progress demonstrating the application of optical modulators utilizing their nonlinear optical properties of 2D materials. We focus specially on transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and MXenes. We discuss the fabrication and integrating procedure of the layered materials and highlight recent demonstrations of all-optical passive modulators for ultrashort pulse generation and thermo-optic switches that applied in versatile interferometers. We also conclude with an outlook exploring the future perspectives that may accelerate the practical applications in this vibrant field.