Hydrated Calcium Silicate Erosion in Sulfate Environments a Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

To investigate the micro-mechanism of the erosion of hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H gel) in a sulfate environment, a solid–liquid molecular dynamics model of C-S-H gel/sodium sulfate was developed. This model employs molecular dynamics methods to simulate the transport processes between C-S-H gel and corrosive ions at concentrations of 5%, 8%, and 10% sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), aiming to elucidate the interaction mechanism between sulfate and C-S-H gel. The micro-morphology of the eroded samples was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings indicate that the adsorption capacity of C-S-H for ions significantly increases with higher concentrations of Na2SO4 solution. Notably, the presence of sulfate ions facilitates the decalcification reaction of C-S-H, leading to the formation of swollen gypsum and AFt (ettringite). This process results not only in the hydrolysis of the C-S-H gel but also in an increase in the diffusion coefficients of Na+ and Ca2+, thereby exacerbating the erosion. Additionally, the pore surfaces of the C-S-H structure exhibited strong adsorption of Na+, and as the concentration of Na2SO4 solution increased, Na+ was more stably adsorbed onto the C-S-H pore surfaces via Na-Os bonds. The root-mean-square displacement curves of water molecules were significantly higher than those of SO42−, Na+ and Ca2+, which indicated that SO42− could co-penetrate and migrate with water molecules faster compared with other ions in the solution containing SO42−, resulting in stronger corrosion and hydrolysis effects on the C-S-H structure.