内分泌学
内科学
穹窿下器官
血管紧张素Ⅲ
加压素
肾素-血管紧张素系统
血管紧张素II
终板
室周器官
延髓头端腹外侧区
孤束
血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型
下丘脑
口渴
臂旁外侧核
受体
神经递质
臂旁核
生物
平衡
中枢神经系统
延髓
医学
血压
作者
Michael J. McKinley,Anthony L. Albiston,Andrew M. Allen,Michael L. Mathai,Clive May,Robin M. McAllen,Brian J. Oldfield,Frederick A.O. Mendelsohn,Siew Yeen Chai
标识
DOI:10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00306-0
摘要
Angiotensinogen, the precursor molecule for angiotensins I, II and III, and the enzymes renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and aminopeptidases A and N may all be synthesised within the brain. Angiotensin (Ang) AT(1), AT(2) and AT(4) receptors are also plentiful in the brain. AT(1) receptors are found in several brain regions, such as the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, the lamina terminalis, lateral parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral medulla and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which are known to have roles in the regulation of the cardiovascular system and/or body fluid and electrolyte balance. Immunohistochemical and neuropharmacological studies suggest that angiotensinergic neural pathways utilise Ang II and/or Ang III as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the aforementioned brain regions. Angiotensinogen is synthesised predominantly in astrocytes, but the processes by which Ang II is generated or incorporated in neurons for utilisation as a neurotransmitter is unknown. Centrally administered AT(1) receptor antagonists or angiotensinogen antisense oligonucleotides inhibit sympathetic activity and reduce arterial blood pressure in certain physiological or pathophysiological conditions, as well as disrupting water drinking and sodium appetite, vasopressin secretion, sodium excretion, renin release and thermoregulation. The AT(4) receptor is identical to insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) and plays a role in memory mechanisms. In conclusion, angiotensinergic neural pathways and angiotensin peptides are important in neural function and may have important homeostatic roles, particularly related to cardiovascular function, osmoregulation and thermoregulation.
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