Isolation, Characterization, and Detailed History of Exosomes Derived from Stem Cells and their Epigenetic Biology

Exosomes, the nanosized (40–160 nanometers) extracellular bio-vesicles, are gaining attention worldwide owing to their regulatory role in several pathogenesis of various diseases as well as cell-to-cell communication. Mechanistically, it has now been recognized that these exosomes that were considered earlier as cellular trash bags actually help in transmitting some important biomolecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, miRNA, proteins, metabolites, enzymes, lipids, etc.) among cells. Notably, their biocompatible, immunomodulation capability and less toxic susceptibility towards cells are their imperative assets; thus, their potential in clinical applications (diagnosis as well as therapeutic carriers) has been endorsed. However, the precise information about their characterization, labeling, and biological role in exchange of genetic materials and alteration of cellular functions is still under scrutiny and remains to be established. The future prospects of exosomes as innovative therapeutic approach agents in the treatment of diseases are also explored.