The fifth family of the true crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea), Oecanthidae defin. nov.: phylogenetic relationships and divergence times

Abstract Crickets are frequently used as a model in several areas of science, including acoustic communication, behaviour and neurobiology. However, only a few of these studies are placed in an evolutionary framework due to the limited number of phylogenetic hypotheses for true crickets. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for a newly defined family of crickets, Oecanthidae defin. nov., sister-group of Gryllidae defin. nov. The phylogenetic analyses are based on molecular and morphological data under likelihood and parsimony criteria and molecular data for divergence-times estimation (Bayesian inference). We used 107 terminals from all biogeographic regions and six fossils for the time calibration of the tree. All analyses resulted in Oecanthidae with four subfamilies: Euscyrtinae, Oecanthinae defin. nov., Podoscirtinae defin. nov. and Tafaliscinae defin. nov. Based on our results, we revise the definition and internal classifications of the subfamilies, supertribes and tribes. A new tribe, Phyllogryllini trib. nov. is described. We also update their diagnoses, list the genera of the tribes and list their apomorphies. We provide an identification key for all suprageneric taxa of Oecanthidae, plus all genera of Tafaliscinae. Finally, we discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Oecanthidae, their divergence times, habitat diversity and the importance of ovipositor variation in this clade.