Pharmaceutical SH2 domain–containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 inhibition suppresses primary and metastasized liver tumors by provoking hepatic innate immunity

Background and Aims: SH2 domain–containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is the first identified pro‐oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase that acts downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to promote Ras–extracellular signal–regulated kinase signaling. However, this phosphatase was also shown to be antitumorigenic in HCC. This study is aimed at deciphering paradoxical Shp2 functions and mechanisms in hepatocarcinogenesis and at exploring its value as a pharmaceutical target in HCC therapy. Approaches and Results: We took both genetic and pharmaceutical approaches to examine the effects of Shp2 inhibition on primary liver cancers driven by various oncogenes and on metastasized liver tumors. We show here that the catalytic activity of Shp2 was essential for relay of oncogenic signals from RTKs in HCC and that chemical inhibition of Shp2 robustly suppressed HCC driven by RTKs. However, in contrast to a tumor‐promoting hepatic niche generated by genetically deleting Shp2 in hepatocytes, treatment with a specific Shp2 inhibitor had a tumor‐suppressing effect on metastasized liver tumor progression. Mechanistically, the Shp2 inhibitor enhanced antitumor innate immunity by down‐regulating inflammatory cytokines, suppressing the chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor 5 signaling axis, but up‐regulating interferon‐β secretion. Conclusions These results unveil complex mechanisms for the tumor‐suppressing effect of pharmaceutical Shp2 inhibition in the liver immune environment. We provide a proof of principle for clinical trials with specific Shp2 inhibitors in patients with primary and metastasized liver cancer.