A Hub-and-Spokes “Plus” Model of us Alliances in the Indo-Pacific: Towards a New “Networked” Design

A reassessment the nature of "alliances" and "alignments" since the end of the Cold War, both practically and conceptually, is long overdue. Treaty alliances have become partially obsolescent as new models of security cooperation, such as the 'strategic partnership', and other "minilateral" configurations, have emerged as preferred instruments of alignment. The evolving nature of alliance and alignment is nowhere better illustrated than in the metamorphosis of the venerable Hub-and-Spokes US alliance system in the Indo-Pacific. This article captures the changes occurring in the US alliance system from both a macro-level (structural) standpoint, before proceeding to the micro-level to evaluate individual alliance/partnership dyads to illustrate the complexion of the hub-and-spokes "plus" configuration of today. It argues that we are witnessing is a "reshuffling of the deck" in terms of traditional treaty allies – with Japan and Australia now forming the "core" of the system, with South Korea effectively confined as a "single-issue" alliance focused on the peninsula, and with Thailand and the Philippines (arguably) becoming increasingly "peripheral". But even as the original treaty-system contracts, Washington is seeking to "network" the original model through the acquisition of non-treaty strategic partnerships with key states such as India, Singapore, (and, more circumspectly – Taiwan), whilst also welcoming European engagement. This networking strategy is also designed to achieve second and third order effects through incentivisation of direct "spoke-to-spoke" security cooperation and through the concentration of allies/partners into minilateral formations. The resultant reconfiguration might be dubbed a Hub-and-Spokes "plus" model.