Advances in Low‐temperature Na‐ion Battery Energy Storage

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have become an ideal alternative to lithium-ion batteries in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their abundant raw materials and low cost. With the progress of human society, the requirements for energy storage systems in extreme environments such as deep sea, aerospace, and tunnel operations have become more stringent. The comprehensive performance of NIBs at low temperatures (LT) has also become an important consideration. Under LT conditions, problems such as increased electrolyte viscosity, abnormal solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth, and poor collector contact occur, which slow down the diffusion kinetics of sodium ions (Na + ) at the interface of electrolyte and electrode materials and cause rapid degradation of battery performance. Based on these, optimization of electrolyte composition and cathode/anode material structure becomes an effective means to improve LT performance. This review discusses the conduction behavior and limiting factors of Na + in solid electrodes and liquid electrolytes at LT, and systematically reviews the research progress of LT NIBs from three aspects: cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolyte components, providing some reference basis for the development of high-performance LT NIBs.