Challenges and outcomes of cataract surgery after vitrectomy

Purpose of review This review examines the challenges and outcomes of cataract surgery after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), focusing on surgical techniques, timing, and complication management. Recent findings Cataract formation remains the primary complication post-PPV, affecting approximately 80–100% of patients within two years. Nuclear sclerotic cataracts are most common, occurring in 60–100% of patients over 50, followed by posterior subcapsular cataracts (4–34%), which primarily affect younger and diabetic patients. PPV disrupts the normal oxygen gradient in the vitreous, resulting in a more uniform oxygen distribution and accelerating cataract formation. Post-PPV eyes present unique surgical challenges due to anatomical alterations, including zonular instability and capsular changes characterized by increased fragility, the potential for tears, and altered elasticity. Newer intraocular lens power calculations show promise, but unexpected refractive outcomes may occur. The choice between combined phacovitrectomy and sequential surgeries remains debated, with patient-specific factors guiding the approach. Visual outcomes vary depending on preexisting vitreoretinal pathologies and baseline vision before PPV. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to establish treatment guidelines and improve predictive models. Summary Post-PPV cataract surgery presents unique challenges, including anatomical alterations and an increased risk of capsular complications. These necessitate careful consideration of the surgical approach and highlight the need for further research to optimize outcomes and establish treatment guidelines.