Potential of the Advanced Precision Irrigation Techniques for Enhanced Protected Cultivation Systems in the Developing Nations

Precision irrigation techniques have revolutionized protected cultivation systems worldwide by optimizing water use efficiency, reducing resource consumption, and enhancing crop yield and quality. Key technologies covered include drip irrigation, micro-sprinklers, subsurface irrigation, sensors for monitoring soil moisture and crop water status, automated irrigation scheduling software, and the integration of these tools with fertigation systems. Case studies from leading horticultural regions illustrate best practices and the benefits of precision irrigation, such as water savings of 40-70%, fertilizer reductions of 30-50%, and yield improvements of 20-40% compared to conventional irrigation. However, challenges remain in terms of high initial costs, maintenance requirements, and the need for grower training and technical support. In Asia and India, government initiatives and public-private partnerships are driving the expansion of protected cultivation with precision irrigation to boost productivity, conserve resources, ensure food security, and increase smallholder incomes. Future directions emphasize sensor-based automation, data-driven decision support systems, crop-specific precision irrigation strategies, and the integration of precision irrigation with other technologies like hydroponics, vertical farming, and renewable energy to further enhance the sustainability and profitability of protected cultivation.