Maternal diabetes and risk of hypospadias: a systemic review and meta-analysis

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal diabetes and the risk of hypospadias in male infants, as the relationship between them remains uncertain. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> To comprehensively evaluate the association between pregestational diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus with hypospadias, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. A thorough literature search was conducted, encompassing relevant publications published prior to January 2023. Crude odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Our meta-analysis comprised a total of 13 studies, 11 of which investigated the relationship between pregestational diabetes mellitus and hypospadias, while 9 studies explored the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and hypospadias. Notably, these investigations yielded compelling evidence of significant positive associations between pregestational diabetes mellitus and hypospadias (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.13–2.03), as well as between gestational diabetes mellitus and hypospadias (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04–1.35). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our findings suggest that both pregestational diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus are associated with an increased risk of hypospadias in offspring. Further investigations are needed to explore the optimal range of blood glucose during pregnancy that minimizes the risk of congenital malformation in the fetus, as well as to develop more effective measures for glycemic control in pregnant women.