Topological construction of phosphorus and carbon composite and its application in energy storage

As an emerging energy storage material, phosphorus has been attracting extensive attentions in recent years due to its fascinating electrochemical properties and favorable thermal stability. In this review article, its allotropes and their synthesis are introduced specifically. Among the allotropes, red and black phosphorus are mainly reviewed in energy storage including lithium ion battery, sodium ion battery, potassium ion battery, magnesium ion battery, lithium sulfur battery, lithium air battery, super capacitor, and solar cell. Besides, the reaction mechanisms of red and black phosphorus in energy storage field are discussed in detail, respectively. On account of their respective advantages and disadvantages, the targeted designs of phosphorus-carbon hybrids are summarized to improve the performance of the two kinds of phosphorus. According to the interfacial contact between phosphorus and carbon, three modes of point-to-point, line-to-line and face-to-face are discussed. Some progressive theoretical calculations on the black phosphorus and blue phosphorus anodes are also discussed. Finally, the future trends and prospects in the development of phosphorus-based materials are highlighted.