肠道菌群
褪黑素
氧化应激
肠-脑轴
免疫系统
犬尿氨酸途径
5-羟色胺能
犬尿氨酸
帕金森病
炎症
肠道通透性
生物
免疫学
血清素
疾病
医学
色氨酸
内分泌学
内科学
生物化学
受体
氨基酸
作者
Geoffrey M. Anderson,Moonsang Seo,Michael Berk,André F. Carvalho,Michaël Maes
标识
DOI:10.2174/1381612822666160906161513
摘要
Background: Increased gut permeability (leaky gut) and alterations in gut microbiota are now widely accepted as relevant to the etiology, course and treatment of many neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson disease (PD). Although a wide array of data on the biological underpinnings of PD has not yet been linked to such gut-associated changes, increased gut permeability and dysregulated microbiota alter many pathways germane to PD. Methods: In this article we review and integrate these wider biological changes in PD, including increased oxidative and nitrosative stress, immune-inflammatory processes, tryptophan catabolites and alterations in serotoninergic and melatoninergic pathways. Results: These wider biological changes in PD are compatible with alterations in gut permeability and changes in gut microbiota. By driving tryptophan down the kynurenine pathway, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chronic stress-driven activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis decrease the availability of serotonin as a precursor for activation of the melatonergic pathways. Conclusion: Decreased local melatonin synthesis in glia, gut, neuronal and immune cells is likely to be important to the etiology, course and management of PD. Keywords: Parkinson disease, gut microbiota, gut permeability, leaky gut, melatonin, alpha 7 nicotinic, tryptophan catabolites.
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