Molybdenum Disulfide Nanomaterials for Generating or Depleting Reactive Oxygen Species: Recent Development and Prospects in Biomedical Applications

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) (superoxide anion (O2 •-), singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) play a critical role in regulating diverse biological processes, e.g., inflammation, cell proliferation, and cell death. On the other hand, the generation of excess ROS can lead to oxidative stress, which is detrimental to biological systems and is implicated in ageing and numerous diseases. Various nanomaterials with unique and promising ROS-regulating properties have been explored in recent years. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are a subclass of 2D nanomaterials that have attracted much interest lately. Among different TMDs, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been recognized as a promising nano-biomaterial due to its ROS-modulating properties along with biocompatible characteristics. This review summarizes recent advancements in the use of MoS2 for ROS-related biomedical applications, with a focus on the fundamental redox chemistry governing its ability to both generate and deplete ROS. Key factors influencing the redox behavior of MoS2 nanomaterials are discussed in detail. Additionally, the review highlights current findings on the biocompatibility and biodistribution of MoS2-based systems. Finally, it concludes by highlighting emerging opportunities and future directions in this rapidly expanding field.