In Situ Formation of a Lithiophilic Li–Zn Alloy Using Dual-Salt Electrolyte Additives for Lithium Metal Batteries

The highly reactive nature of Li metal presents challenges, such as an unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and uneven Li nucleation. Herein, to address these challenges, ZnF2 and LiNO3 were introduced as electrolyte additives to create a lithiophilic Li-Zn alloy and a stable SEI comprising LiF and LiNO3 on the Li metal surface. The Li-Zn alloy, formed via a spontaneous conversion reaction between ZnF2 and Li, provides favorable nucleation sites for Li deposition, thereby suppressing dendrite growth and improving the cycle stability of the Li metal, even at a high current density of 5 mA cm-2. In Li||LiFePO4 full cells, a remarkable capacity retention of 98.6% was achieved after 400 cycles at 1 C. Furthermore, approximately 100% capacity retention was achieved after 1400 cycles at 10 C. This study provides a simple and effective electrolyte additive strategy for obtaining dendrite-free Li metal.