Fabrication of silver nanoparticles loaded acacia gum/chitosan nanogel to coat the pipe surface for sustainable inhibiting microbial adhesion and biofilm growth in water distribution systems

Biofilm formation on the inner surfaces of pipes poses significant threats to water distribution systems, increasing maintenance costs and compromising public health. To address this immense issue, we synthesized a nanogel comprising acacia gum (AG) and chitosan (Cs), loaded with varying concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), for use as an antimicrobial coating. AgNPs were synthesized using AG as a reducing and stabilizing agent, exhibiting absorbance at 414 nm. The homogeneous particles of AgNPs were confirmed using TEM. Bactericidal efficacy was assessed against E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis. Using the dipping coating method, two pipe materials (polypropylene (PP) and ductile iron (DI)) were coated, revealing smaller inhibition zones for Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, AgNPs2@AGCsNG nanogel exhibited potent antibacterial action. Toxicity tests confirmed nanogel safety, suggesting broad applications. High EC50% values underscored their non-toxic nature. This research proposes an effective strategy for biofilm prevention in water systems, offering excellent antibacterial properties and biocompatibility. AG and Cs nanogels loaded with AgNPs promise to enhance water quality, reduce maintenance prices, and protect human public health in water distribution networks.