Tissue uptake of paraquat and diquat

Paraquat dichloride (PQ) is a non-selective herbicide which has been the subject of numerous toxicology studies over more than 50 years. This paper describes the development of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of PQ kinetics for the rat, mouse and dog, firstly to aid the interpretation of studies in which no kinetic measurements were made, and secondly to enable the future extension of the model to humans. Existing pharmacokinetic data were used to develop a model for the rat and mouse. Simulations with this preliminary model were then used to identify key data gaps and to design a new blood binding study to reduce uncertainty in critical aspects of the model. The new data provided evidence to support the model structure, and its predictive performance was then assessed against dog and rat datasets not used in model development. The PQ-specific model parameters are the same for all three species, with only the physiological parameters varying between species. This consistency across species provides a strong basis for extrapolation to other species, as demonstrated here for the dog. The model enables a wide range of PQ data to be linked together to provide a broad understanding of PQ pharmacokinetics in rodents and the dog, showing that the key aspects of PQ kinetics in these species are understood and adequately encapsulated within the model.