Enhanced Mechanical and Tribological Performance of NaOH ‐Treated Bamboo Fiber and Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Epoxy Composites With TiO 2 Filler

ABSTRACT This study investigates the mechanical and tribological properties of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with alkali‐treated Bambusa balcooa bamboo fibers and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) fillers. The composites were fabricated using varying bamboo fiber contents (0.5 to 2 wt.%) while maintaining a constant 1 wt.% TiO 2 loading to determine the optimal composition for enhanced performance. Alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers significantly improved their surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and interfacial adhesion with the epoxy matrix, contributing to superior mechanical behavior. The results showed that both tensile and flexural strengths increased markedly, peaking at 1.5 wt.% fiber content. Compared to neat epoxy, tensile strength improved by 71.2% (from 90.836 MPa to 155.331 MPa), and flexural strength rose by 69% (from 122.780 MPa to 207.516 MPa). TiO 2 fillers facilitated better stress transfer and resistance to crack propagation, further enhancing the structural integrity of the composites. Tribological testing revealed improved wear resistance, with the lowest wear loss of 0.008 g recorded at the 1.5 wt.% fiber and 1 wt.% TiO 2 combination under a 30 N load representing a 70% reduction compared to the unreinforced epoxy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed improved fiber‐matrix interaction and uniform fiber dispersion at optimal loading. However, at 2 wt.% fiber content, fiber agglomeration led to poor dispersion and reduced performance. Overall, the composite containing 1.5 wt.% bamboo fiber and 1 wt.% TiO 2 demonstrated the best combination of strength, wear resistance, and durability. These results support its potential in sustainable construction materials and biodegradable textile applications.