Spatial genetic patterns of a long-lived tree species: the case of Pinus leiophylla in a human-altered landscape of central Mexico

In long-lived species, deforestation can modify the genetic diversity patterns of recent populations. The spatial-structure genetics of Pinus leiophylla Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. was investigated in adults and seedlings of remnant populations from central Mexico. Two chloroplast intergenic regions were sequenced of two cohorts (adults and seedlings) of 121 individuals of P. leiophylla from three localities. Higher genetic differentiation was found in adults ( ФST = 0.09) than in seedlings ( ФST = 0.03). The discriminant analysis of principal components detected four genetic clusters and the Mantel test found a weak but significant isolation by distance pattern ( r 2 = 0.05, p = 0.002). Sixteen percent of genetic variation was explained by the spatial component according to the genetic neighborhood analysis. And the effect of three landscape features, i.e., elevation, aspect (sine and cosine), and land use, explored with ResistanceGA, detected that land use significantly restricts gene flow between populations, mostly in the farming category. This study emphasizes the critical role of preserving forest cover to maintain connectivity among remnants of P. leiophylla. Insights of this study will contribute to the conservation of conifers in Mexican temperate forests, especially within landscapes heavily altered by human activities.