Dynamic Correlation Analysis of Surface Deformation and Geological Hazard Risks in Mining Areas Based on SBAS-InSAR Technology and the Information Content Model-Analytic Hierarchy Process

To ensure the sustainability of mining activities, it is imperative to effectively manage their environmental impacts, particularly geological hazards. Mining areas feature fragile geological environments subject to intense engineering disturbances, with complex underground hazard mechanisms and limited remediation space. These factors exacerbate the challenges of hazard identification and prevention, threatening the region’s long-term sustainable development. InSAR technology, with its advantages of wide coverage, high resolution, and high sensitivity, provides an effective tool for early identification of geological hazards, enabling proactive environmental monitoring. Taking Tangfang Town in Zhenxiong County, Yunnan Province as a case study, this paper integrates SBAS-InSAR technology with multi-source data to conduct coordinated research on surface deformation monitoring and geological hazard risk assessment. Based on 82 Sentinel-1 images spanning May 2022 to April 2025, surface deformation characteristics were extracted for the study area. Results indicate that the average annual deformation rate in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction ranges from −61.92 to 42.39 mm/a, with a maximum cumulative deformation of 185.5 mm. High-deformation zones are concentrated near mining faces, and rainfall is a significant driver exacerbating deformation. Nine evaluation factors, including elevation, slope gradient, and deformation magnitude, were selected; combining the information content model with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for geological hazard risk assessment yielded an AUC value of 0.776 on the ROC curve, indicating high model accuracy. High and extremely high-risk zones covered most known disaster sites. Significant synergy was observed between surface deformation rates and risk zoning, with medium-to-high deformation intensity predominantly distributed in high-risk zones, confirming the intrinsic consistency between deformation and hazard risk. The proposed synergistic framework integrates deformation monitoring with risk assessment. It provides methodological support on the one hand for “mining while controlling” practices in mining areas, and on the other hand for geological hazard prevention in the Wumeng Mountains, promoting sustainable and coordinated development between resource exploitation and regional sustainability.