Low-dose and repeated exposure to nickel leads to bioaccumulation and cellular and metabolic alterations in quails

Nickel (Ni) is a widespread environmental pollutant commonly released into effluent due to industrial activities, the use of fuels, or wastewater disposal. Many studies confirm the toxic effects of this heavy metal. However, there is a lack of knowledge and data on bioaccumulation patterns in tissues as well as cellular and molecular responses following the exposure of living organisms to Ni. In this study, Japanese quails were exposed to low (10 μg/L) and high (2000 μg/L) Ni concentrations in the form of nickel(II) chloride via drinking water. Sub-chronic exposure lasted 30 days while nominal concentrations represented average Ni content in drinking water (low dose) and average Ni levels in highly polluted aquatic environments (high dose). It was revealed that a high dose of Ni was correlated with increased water intake and decreased body weight. Overall, Ni exposure induced the development of microcytic anemia and alterations in measured blood indices. Moreover, Ni exposure impaired immunological activation as seen through the increased number of the white blood cells, increased heterophile/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, and pronounced thrombocytosis. Ni elicited changes in the albumin, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride serum levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Alterations of plasma protein fractions suggested liver functional impairment while high levels of urea and creatinine indicated potential kidney injury. Granulation of heterophiles and an increase in erythroblasts in the bone marrow showed that the hematopoietic tissue was also impacted by Ni toxicity. On average each quail bioaccumulated 5.87 μg of Ni per gram of tissue. Moreover, the distribution and bioaccumulation of Ni in terms of relative concentration were as follows: feathers > kidneys > heart > liver > pectoral muscles. Assessed bioaccumulation levels and associated cellular and metabolic alterations have revealed new multilayer toxicological data that will help in the extrapolation of Ni toxicity in other vertebrates, including humans.