Valence Electron Fluctuation in a High-Entropy Oxide Heterojunction Enables Collaborative Photodynamic and Mild-Thermal Therapy for Cutaneous Biofilm Infections

, compromising bacterial heat resistance and virulence to achieve mild thermal therapy. Moreover, it also shows superior benefits in tissue regeneration, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis while alleviating the inflammation, exhibiting a robust solution for drug-resistant bacterial biofilms in cutaneous tissues. Our work highlights the potential of HEO functional heterojunctions for safe and effective mild-temperature biomedical therapies and paves the way for advanced strategies in combating biofilm-associated infections through rational material design and engineering.