Hearing impairment, psychological distress, and incident heart failure: a prospective cohort study

Background The relationship between objectively measured hearing ability and the risk of incident heart failure (HF) remains unclear. This study aimed to assess this association, explore potential modifying factors, and examine whether psychological factors mediate this relationship. Methods We included 164 431 participants from the UK Biobank without HF at baseline. Speech-in-noise hearing ability was measured using the Digit Triplets Test and quantified by the speech-reception-threshold (SRT). Incident HF was identified through hospital admission and death records. Mediation analyses assessed the role of social isolation, psychological distress, and neuroticism. Results Over a median follow-up of 11.7 years, 4449 (2.7%) participants developed incident HF. Higher SRT levels were associated with an increased risk of HF (adjusted HR per SD increment 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08). Compared with those with normal hearing, participants with insufficient hearing, poor hearing, or hearing aid use had higher HF risks (adjusted HRs 1.15, 1.28, and 1.26, respectively). Psychological distress mediated 16.9% of the association between SRT levels and HF, while social isolation and neuroticism mediated 3.0% and 3.1%, respectively. The association was stronger in participants without coronary heart disease or stroke at baseline. Conclusions Poor hearing ability is associated with an increased risk of incident HF, with psychological distress playing a notable mediating role. These findings suggest that hearing health and psychological well-being should be considered in cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention strategies.