Nano-drug delivery systems for T cell-based immunotherapy

T cell-based immunotherapy, which tackles T cell dysfunction and exhaustion, offers broad promising for treating cancer. Various T cell-based immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell therapy (ACT), have been developed to boost immunoresponses to eradicate tumor cells, which greatly increase the survival rate of patients in clinical treatment. However, those immunotherapies still suffer from low response rates as well as high toxicity. Over the past decade, nanotechnology has been extensively investigated to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Via rationally designed nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS), the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapeutics has been significantly improved. This review focuses on the innovative designs of NDDS in mediating immunotherapeutics towards the clinical cancer treatment. Then, the biological barriers and design considerations of NDDS for T cell-based immunotherapy are summarized. Finally, the challenges of NDDS-mediated T cell-based immunotherapy in clinical translation are also noted. In summary, NDDS that incorporate innovative design will advance the clinical paradigm shift of T cell-based immunotherapy, which hold great promise to revolutionize the clinical cancer treatment.