Whole cell microalgae: Potential to transform industry waste into sustainable ruminant feed

Microalgae offer an innovative solution for utilizing industrial waste to produce sustainable ruminant feed. With strong carbon capture capabilities, they play a vital role in biological carbon capture and utilization. Advances in biotechnology enable the use of industrial waste streams, offering a pathway to reducing carbon emissions and cultivation costs. Extensive research highlights microalgae's nutritional and anti-methanogenic benefits for ruminants, yet they remain commercially unutilized in feed. To address cultivation limitations, this review explores advancements in algae carbon capture biotechnology and proposes brewery waste to support algae cultivation. In addition, the challenges and bottlenecks that remain to be overcome for future commercial translation of this strategy are presented. This review establishes a theoretical solution for integrating microalgae into high-emission industries like breweries and utilization of algae biomass to reduce agricultural emission.