Endotypes of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, heterogeneous skin condition driven by a combination of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. The original classification into extrinsic and intrinsic endotypes has proven overly simplistic. Recent research into the varied immune profiles and molecular signatures of AD has revealed distinct endotypes - subtypes defined by specific biological processes rather than visible symptoms alone. These endotypes encompass classifications based on immune pathways, including Th2-dominant, Th1, Th17/Th22-driven responses, genetic factors, and microbial interactions. Recognizing these endotypes has become essential for advancing personalized treatments, as each subtype responds differently to immune-modulating therapies. Current treatment options, such as moisturizers, immunosuppressants, and biologics, show varied efficacy across AD endotypes, underscoring the need for more precise, endotype-specific approaches. Emerging molecular profiling technologies offer promising avenues to identify distinct biomarkers, refining AD classification and paving the way for more targeted treatments and improved patient outcomes.