Advances in Electrochemical Nitrite Reduction toward Nitric Oxide Synthesis for Biomedical Applications

Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential molecule in biomedicine, recognized for its antibacterial properties, neuronal modulation, and use in inhalation therapies. The effectiveness of NO-based treatments relies on precise control of NO concentrations tailored to specific therapeutic needs. Electrochemical generation of NO (E-NOgen) via nitrite (NO₂ ^-) reduction offers a scalable and efficient route for controlled NO production, while also addressing environmental concerns by reducing NO₂ ^- pollution and maintaining nitrogen cycle balance. Recent developments in catalysts and E-NOgen devices have propelled NO₂ ^- conversion, enabling on-demand NO production. This review provides an overview of NO₂ ^- reduction pathways, with a focus on cutting-edge Fe/Cu-based E-NOgen catalysts, and explores the development of E-NOgen devices for biomedical use. Challenges and future directions for advancing E-NOgen technologies are also discussed.